crperiod2′s Blog

The submersibles I chose are DeepWorker, Alvin, Clelia, and ROV Hercules. DeepWorker looks like a small compact car with an acrylic dome and can reach depths as far as 2,000 feet. Tasks that the DeepWorker help accomplish are easy sampling, new easy way on manuverablility and can be launched from a wide variety of ship platforms. The construction of DeepWorker allows it to do these things. It has robotic arms that can move in wide range of ways that allow it to take samples.

Alvin:

a. Alvin looks like a large bulky steel submersible and can reach depths as far as 14,764ft.

b. Alvin is used when scientists are planning to go on a very deep dive and Alvin allows them to do this.

c. It is built this way because it needs to be able to withstand the pressure of the ocean just like a spaceship has to be built to endure the vaccum of space.

Clelia:

a. Clelia looks like a long yellow submersible that can reach depths as far as 1000ft.

b. Clelia is used when to observe a place of low visibility for long periods of time.

c. It is built this way because it has a large acrylic sphere that has a large area

 ROV Hercules:

a.  ROV Hercules is a large square shaped object that can go as far as 4,000 meters in depth.

b.  Hercules was specifically created to be a sc ientific tool to study and recover artifacts and ancient shipwrecks. It also is used to study geology and biology deep below in the ocean.

c. It is built this way because it helps scientists recover lost objects study life and other things but also for  scientists to see everything Hercules sees with HD cameras attached to it.

SPONGES

Sponges are animals of the phylum Porifera(meaning “pore bearing”).Their bodies consist of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. While all animals have unspecialized cells that can transform into specialized cells, sponges are unique in having some specialized cells that can transform into other types, often migrating between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process. Sponges do not have nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Instead, most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove wastes, and the shapes of their bodies are adapted to maximize the efficiency of the water flow.Sponges are known for regenerating from fragments that are broken off, although this only works if the fragments include the right types of cells. A few species reproduce by budding. However most sponges use sexual reproduction, releasing sperm cells into the water. In viviparous species the cells that capture most of the adults’ food capture the sperm cells but, instead of digesting them, transport them to ova in the parent’s mesohyl. The fertilized eggs begin development within the parent and the larvae are released to swim off in search of places to settle. In oviparous species both sperm and egg cells are released into the water and fertilisation and development take place outside the parent’s bodies.

They filter food particles out of the water flowing through them. Particles larger than 50 micrometers cannot enter the ostia and pinacocytes consume them by phagocytosis (engulfing and internal digestion). Particles from 0.5 to 50 micrometers are trapped in the ostia, which taper from the outer to inner ends. These particles are consumed by pinacocytes or by archaeocytes which partially extrude themselves through the walls of the ostia. Bacteria-sized particles, below 0.5 micrometers, pass through the ostia and are caught and consumed by choanocytes.  Since the smallest particles are by far the most common, choanocytes typically capture 80% of a sponge’s food supply.  Archaeocytes transport food packaged in vesicles from cells that directly digest food to those that do not.  At least one species of sponge has internal fibers that function as tracks for use by nutrient-carrying archaeocytes, and these tracks also move inert objects.

Sponges are worldwide in their distribution, from the polar regions to the tropics.  Most live in quiet, clear waters, because sediment stirred up by waves or currents would block their pores, making it difficult for them to feed and breathe.  The greatest numbers of sponges are usually found on firm surfaces such as rocks, but some sponges can attach themselves to soft sediment by means of a root-like base. Sponges are more abundant but less diverse in temperate waters than in tropical waters, possibly because organisms that prey on sponges are more abundant in tropical waters. Glass sponges are the most common in polar waters and in the depths of temperate and tropical seas, as their very porous construction enables them to extract food from these resource-poor waters with the minimum of effort. Demosponges and calcareous sponges are abundant and diverse in shallower non-polar waters.The different classes of sponge live in different ranges of habitat

ROTIFERS

Rotifers are microscopic organisms that are composed of more than one cell. Rotifer meaning(“wheel bearer”).they live in the moist sands along the shore and in gravel of aqua tanks. they are also able to change the shape of there body at any moment, they telescope there bodies to facilitate movement.  some are predatory. while others scavenge on debris. when they attach there self to substrateds the crown of beating cilia in its head gives the animal the apperance of a miniature spinning wheel. it makes a current which pulls food into its mouth.

QUESTIONS

1. sponges are _______ bearing, while rotifers are _________ bearing?
2. sponges live in wat kind of waters?
3. what kind of region can sponges be found in?
4. where can rotifers be located?
5. can sponges grow there lims back after they have been removed?

Ann G. <3

Protozoans are animal-like organisms. They live on the surface of water substrates and in the bottom sediments. They belong in the Protist Kingdom, just like algae.

Protozoa are divided into 3 groups:

1. Ciliophora

2. Zoomastigina

3. Sarcodina

Largest group is the Ciliophora. All the freshwater and marine species have cilia. Zoomastigina is composed of animal-like protists that can also be found in freshwater, salt water, and can be found in bodies of some organsims. Forams, Radiolarians, and amebas belong in the Sarcodina. The live on the surface of substrates.

Protozoan’s job is to carry out necessary life functions of a single cell.

Protozoans are able to carry out:

- Ingestion & Digestion

- Respiration

- Transport

- Water Balance & Excretion

- Sensivity

- Reproduction

Life Functions :

Ingestion – taking in of food/energy

Food enters the “mouth” of the protozoan by movements of its ring of the cilia.

Digestion – Release of food/energy

The smaller particles of food that has been broken down are locates in the food vacuole. The digestion is called, intracellular digestion.

Respiration – Process of producing chemical energy

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is a usable chemical energy.

Chemical Equation :

1 molecule of glucose plus 6 molecules of oxygen yields to 6 molecules of carbon dioxide plus 6 molecules of water plus 36 molecules of ATP.

ATP stores and releases chemical energy to do work. Vorticella contains a cell membrane that allows oxygen to enter the cell and the waste product, carbon dioxide to exit the cell.

Transport – the movement of substances into and out and within the cell

An example of a transport is diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Carbon dioxide moves from inside to outside the cell. Transport may also occur within the cell. Distributing nutrients and energy inside the cell is called cyclosis.

Water Balance

Protozoans live in where the concentration of water molecules is greater outside the cell than inside. Dissolved substances inside the cell replaces the water molecules. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a higher concentration to lower concentration across the cell membrane. This is also an example of transport. Contractile Vacoule is a structure where excess water is pumped out.

Excretion – is when liquid wastes are elimated from the cell.
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain internal conditions.

Sensitivity – the ability of an organism to respond to enviromental stimuli

Protozoans responds by contracting its elongated stalk into a tight cole.

Reproduction – living organisms producing offspring
With Vorticella, and other protozoans one cell divides into 2 cells, called daughter cells. Binary Fission is the process in which the cell’s cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells. The offspring from this are always identical. Budding is another way of reproduction. The division is uneven but the DNA stays the same.
Protozoans can reproduce sexually and asexually.

Questions :
1. Which kingdom Protozoans belong to ?

2. Protozoa is divided into 5 groups. True or False?

3. What is an example of transport?
a. excretion
b. diffusion
c. division
d. homeostasis

nutrition is the process which organisms use food to carry out their life activites

nutrition is composed of many things such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, mineral, vitamins, and water.

http://www.nersc.gov/news/annual_reports/annrep05/assets/img/research_news/11-proteins_clip_image002.gif

Proteins~theese are need to help organisms cells grow and repair.

they are composed of smaller “building blocks” called amino acids. they differ from one another based on structure.

grwoth occursby the process of dehydration synthesis, when amino acids join together and make a protein.

when two amnio acids form its called a dipetide and when more join its calledpolypetide.

Minerals~ elements found in the ground and soil that do not contain carbon. these are known as inorganic compunds. a good example of this is table salt. minerals are needed for overall health and growth. marine organisms get what they need from the water. animals that eat plants incorporate that plants minerals into its body tisues. Calcium an important mineral is needed for the growth of bones and teeth. the muscles and nerves  of animals require sodium and chloride ions to function. another mineral, silica, the main ingrediant in glass , is also found in the cell walls of diatoms. seafood is rich with iodine witch regulates qrowth and metabolism in vertebreats.

http://www.iwatchstuff.com/2008/05/29/batman-got-milk.jpg

Vitamins~needed to maitnain good health. aid in the functioning of enzymes.Vitamin C, found in fresh fruits and vegtables is needed to prevent a vitamin defficency disease called SCURVY! Vitamin D necessary for bone growth is produced in small amounts  in marine mammials when ultraviolet light reacts with the fat located just under the skin. marine plants are rich in A,E,K and B vitamins.

Water~an inorganic compound, which is the most abundant neutriant in the body. about 80 % of an organisms body waeight is water. but is different in all organsims. like the human body for example, is 67 % water where a jelly fish is 95% body fluids like blood, lymph, sweat and tears are made up of almost entirely water. takes part in photosynthesis and hydrolysis.

http://www.milwaukeerenaissance.com/KPOW/PublicPolicyForumOnWater?action=download&upname=WaterTexture.jpg

Lipids~high energy nutrients fats and oils. unlike the 2:1 ratio in carbs the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in lipids vary.there are more carbon hydrogen bonds in a fat molecule than in a arbohydrate and contains more energy.  during hydrolosis  the bonds are broken in fats and energy is relaesed.

Carbohydrates~two nutrients that make up a  carb are sugars and starches. got its name from “hydrated carbons”. when the sugar glucose is  not being used it goes thru a process called dehydration synethsis to be stored as a starch. glucose is a single sugar or a monosaccharide. these can always be changed back when needed thru a process called hydrolysis.  these processes cant work without enzymes ehich is a protein that regulates the speed of a chemical  reaction.

QUESTIONS

1) what is the process glucose goes thru to turn into a starch?

2) true or false blood is made of mostly water.

3)vitamin____ is taken from the rays of the sun.

Zooplanktons

In previous chapters of the Marine Biology book phytoplankton are introduced as the plantlike plankton. Animal-like planktons are called zooplanktons. These zooplanktons include animals that float around the ocean like the stingy jellyfish.

Zooplanktons are divided into 2 groups:

 Temporary Zooplanktons

+ Also called = Meroplankton

+ Embryos that float on the ocean’s surface

-Larva = infant stage of sea animals such as squid, crabs, lobster, sea stars

+Adults – not considered zooplanktons b/c they settle on the bottom.

Permanent Zooplanktons

+ drifting on the surface of the water their entire life

+ Some animals included:

     -Foraminifera – “hole –bearing”:

            –  Unicellular

            -  Encased in shell – calcium carbonate

            -   Some eat food like bacteria, diatoms and other phytoplanktons

             -  Shell becomes chalk deposits when the animal dies.

-Radiolarian:

            -Unicellular

            -transparent (cell wall = silica)

            -long branches for buoyancy and protection

            -Center capsule = nucleus + mitochondria + vacuoles + Golgi Bodies + food reserves

Sea Soup

+Planktons are a common food source for sea animals

       -Whales – eat krill (shrimplike)

       -Mollusks – depends on plankton

       -Clams – has cilia (microscopic hair) to help filter food from the water

+Filter Feeders = food is strained from the water

+ Plankton is involved in every part of the Marine Food Chain.

QUESTIONS:

≈ Temporary zooplanktons are also called _________.   – Monerans or Meroplankton?

≈ Radiolarian have long branches for _______ and ________.

≈ Foraminifera are encased in a _______.

Sources:

Marine Biology Book

http://www.treasuresofthesea.org.nz/zooplankton

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram/foramintro.html

http://www.radiolaria.org/what_are_radiolarians.htm

Zoo Plankton

The word plankton means “wanderers”, so the word zoo plankton means animal-like plankton or wanderers. Zoo plankton can describe how the organisms live . The largest plankton would be the jellyfish. Zoo plankton are divided into two groups called the temporary plankton and the permanent plankton. Types of temporary plankton would be embryos of fish, crabs , and etc.. These animals drift near the surface of the ocean. When they grow they go to the bottom of the ocean.

The permanent plankton does not move to the bottom, they stay in the plankton population the hole time they are alive. Types of permanent plankton are: Foraminiferan which are unicellular protist who shells are made up of calcium carbonate, Radiolarian which is a unicellular protist that has a transparent cell wall made of silica( the same as diatoms).

Plankton are considered to be a food source. Metaphorically the ocean is soup and the plankton are the stuff in the soup that you eat ( i guess). The organism that eats the most plankton would be the whale. The whale will scoop up as much plankton, called Krill, as it can.Humans also are considered to eat krill. Animals that strains their food from the water are called filter feeders.

Mollusks, like mussles, crabs, oysters, etc. have plankton as their main food source. Calms and other bivalves have hairs called cilia that helps the clam filter feed. Humans eat plankton ( that’s nasty) too, so they are the main foundation of the marine food chain.

Question:

What are animal-like wanderers?

a. Zoo Plankton

b. Zoo Pals

c. Zoo phyta

Whales and calms are considered to be ?

NUTRITION!

-a process by which organisms use food to perform their life activities.

Organisms that do not produce their own food, use the nutrition process to still get the energy they need from other food products. All animals need energy in their daily lives. For instance snails crawl to get from place to place- the snails would not be able to do so without having energy. That energy cannot exist itself without the food first to start the cycle. The basics which animals need to somehow take in are sugars, fats, starches, minerals and water.

METABOLOLISM! 

-process that breaks down and uses the nutrients taken in.

ALL organisms use this process being as ALL organisms take in food in some manner. Animals which take in food from another organism have heterotrophic nutrition- hense why animals are heterophic beings. The best ways for animals to take in energy is by either starch or sugar.

CARBOHYDRATES!

-compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Carbs. are what builds up the glucose in the body- through a sugar glucose equation/system. (CH12O6) Glucose is what creates energy- coming from carbon; The glucose compound is organic being as it directly contains carbon. When the glucose is notbeing used- the energy is stored as starch substances- through a process called dehydration synthesis. For that reason exactly-Carbohydrates are also known as “hydrated carbons”; while the glucose energy is actively being used- the carbons are HYDRATED.

GLUCOSE!

-single sugar -> monosaccharide

The glucose<sugar> forms into Maltose which is a double sugar. That happens when two glucoses or more are joined together. Maltose are double sugars therefore they are polysaccharides; meaning many sugars. Starch is actually measured by the amount of sugar taken in- (C6H12O6)n. The n is numbers of glucose, and the equation is the equation for glucose. The starch turns back to glucose/sugar energy as it is needed. That process/cycle is hydrolysis- large starch molecules are being transformed into small glucose molecules, it happens when food is dygested. Breaking bonds builds energy; building up bonds creates growth.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS!

** ALL living things NEED enzymes to live!!!**

-enzymes: protien regulates chemical reactions’ speed without it being changed itself

EX: During hydrolysis large molecules are acted on by enzymes and are changed into small moecules.. ECT.

**Enzymes are known also as organic catalysts.**

High energy nutrients for organisms would be lipids- such as fats and oils. Lipids have way more energy then carbohyrates- during hydrolysis, carbon hydrogen bonds in fats are broken down releasing energy. =] Living organisms NEED protien to grow & repair cells. Protiens are  made up of small amino acids; amino acids have 20+ different variations! Each aminoacid as an amino group< NH>2 on one side and carboxyl group <COOH> on the other side. Dehydration Synthesis occurs when amino acids get together inside a cell to create protiens. The naming of the action where two or more amino acids join is polypeptide.

MINERALS!

-elements & compounds found in water and soil & do NOT contian carbon; meaning they’re inorganic.

ALL living organisms require minerals in order to grow and to remain healthy. EX1: Marine Plants absorb their minerals from water. EX2: Herbivores use plants’ minerals in their body tissue.

• Calcium is needed by ALL living things to keep their teeth strong and to have good bone growth.
• Iron is used in blood cells; brings in oxygen and sends out carbon dioxide.
• Animals’ muscles & nerves require sodium & chloride ions
• Phospherous is an essential as well because its an element NEEDED in ATP energy.

**Seafood is an item rich in iodine, found in thyroxin- hormone regulating growth & metabolism in vertebrates. **

VITAMINS!

-organic compounds needed in smal amounts to maintain helathy.

Vitamins help enzymes to function.

EX1: Vitamin C is a prvention for “Scurvy”.

EX2: Vitamin D is good for bone growth.

• produced- marine mammals when ultraviolet light reacts with fat just under the skin.

Organisms such as Marine plants are rich sources for the  vitamins A, E, K & B.

WATER!

-inorganic ompound, most abundant nutrient EVER!

About 80% of a body is water.

67% of human body…

95% of a jellyfish’ body…

&+ Several bodily functions come from a water composition.

SUCH AS>>>

1. Blood
2. Lymph
3. Sweat
4. Tears

Those all are made up of almost ALL water.

Water has taken place in most important chemical reactions.

General function of water-

contain& transport dissolved and suspended substances within bodies of organisms.

            <<<<STOP!!!>>>>

      TAke a nice long break….

Okay breaks over… Question time =] 

NUMBAH 1…

-What are two of the 5 basic sources of nutrients for animals?

NUMBAH 2…

-Is sugar another name for glucose??

**get this wrong nd… “DONT YOU FEEL SALTY!?” **

NUMBAH 3…

-What are high energy nutrients?

• fats
• oils
• lipids
• all the above
• none of the above

NUMBAH 4…

-All living things require____???____.

NUMBAH 5…

-What is the MOST abundant nutritent EVER?!?!?!?

&&That concludes my blog but… keep this in mind… it might be in your best interest to try to be healthy…

A variety of plants grasses are typically found on the shores of protected bays and inlets along tha Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts. A variety of marsh grasses grow along the sandy beaches of calm bays. One type is called Red- Grass other known as Phragmites. This marsh grass can be easily identified by its fluffy brown tassels. Also in the intertidal zone, you often find two species of Cord Grass (Spartina). This is a tall, coarse species of cord grass. It grows in the lower intertidal zone, whre it is covered by water during periods of high tide; it can tolerate changes in salinity and temperature. (Spartina Patens). Is a shorter and more delicate cordgrass. It is  found in the upper intertidal zone, where it gets flooded only during periods of very high tides. Cordgrass species have adaptions that enable them to survive in water that is salt. Special glands located in the leaves are able to excrete excess salt.

Another Marine Grass would be Sea Grass. Sea Grass can be found in the low subtidal zone along many shores. The first type of Sea Grass tha i am about to shoew you is called ell grass. Eel Grass lives in the protected bays and inlets of the subtidal zone. The tufts of eel grass grow close together, forming beds that provide hidng places for mollusks, arthopods (invertebrates such as crabs), and fish. The second type of sea grass is called turtle grass as shown below.. This type of sea grass is found in the bays and inlets of warmer waters, along the coasts of florida and the Gulf of Mexico. Turtle grass is home to a variety of sea animals. Inverebrates attach to the bladesof grass. Also as you might guess the name, turtle grass is an important food source for turtles.

Questions Anyone?

1. How are marsh grasses adapted to survive in salt water?
2. (True or False) Is turtle grass an important food source for turtles?
3. In which zone is Eel Grass located?

THE END!

There are over 25,000 species of diatoms in the world. They are classified in phylum chrysophyta whish is also known as golden algae. There are multiple shapes of a diatom and some of them are pen-shaped, round and one that can be described as beads on a chain. Diatoms are very common in the ocean. They are single celled protists that float and drift near the ocean surface. Some diatoms are classified as phytoplankton, some live attached to solid substrates, and others are a combination of both.

Diatoms have many organelles that have different jobs to do. The nucleus is what controls growth and reproduction of the cell. The nucleus has chromosomes that can change the characteristics of the cell. Usually the chromosomes are not always visible but by using special dyes scientists have made it possible to see them.

Diatoms have chlorophyll in things called chloroplasts. The cell wall of a diatom is transparent so you can see the chloroplasts within it. The cell wall of a diatom is made up of silica which is also used to make glass. It is good that the cell wall is clear because it makes it easier for light to get through and when it is inside, the chlorophyll traps it and all of this makes photosynthesis easier for a diatom.

Why is it good that the cell wall is clear?

What is another name for their classification?

What is the cell wall made of?

When you go to the beach, do you ever ever notice the big dunes with what looks like grass? Well, that is grass, beach grass. Beach grass lives in the upper beach, just above the upper intertidal zone.

The intertidal zone lacks beach grass because of one element, the Ocean’s salt water. The beach grass lives on mounds of compressed sand called dunes, and the strong, interconnected roots of the beach grass keep the dunes in place. The grass is spread out to avoid competition for nutrients and other vital necessities, and the more grass means a stronger dune, which leads to shelter for more plants and animals but that does not mean they are completely indestructible. At the beach, the dunes are completely barred from human interaction because they are so delicately constructed that SLIGHTEST touch would cause the dune’s equilibrium to be displaced, knocking the dune to the ground like a deck of cards destroying the homes of numerous plants and small beach animals.

Beach grass is not the only marine plant who inhabits this otherwise inhospitable territory. Beach trees, such as the Beach Plum and Pitch Pine are also found on delicate dunes, mostly facing away from the ocean to avoid the dehydrating ocean salt air. All beach trees never grow any taller then the dunes themselves, to protect themselves from the harsh sea air, which can not only dehydrate the trees, but if the wind is strong enough, rip everything above the dune clean off.

For the more evolved beach plant, a new line of defense has been added to their arsenal. Some duned beached plants live in conditions the exceed 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. (37 degrees Celsius) To survive in these terrible conditions, most marine dune plants have developed a waxy covering on their skin, much like desert cacti and other desert inhabiting plantlife. The waxy coating not only protects the plant from insects but it also protects from the salt wind from the sea, water evaporation and even the sand winds that sometime occur in very wide open stretches of beach. The coating helps to absorb water on the surface on the dunes and sends it directly to the root system. Some beach plants, like most desert cacti can store water in not only their roots, but their stems and in some extreme cases, the leaves or flowers that stem off of the plant, as such is the case with the Prickly Pear cactus.

Almost all beach plants are vascular plants, meaning that they have very specialized tissues inside their roots, steams, and leaves which circulate water throughout the plant’s body. Since they have this very unique ability, they are classified in the phylum Tracheophyta, and even produce their own flowers and seeds. Unfortunately, since people are afraid of the potential destruction of the dune,  no one can really study beach grass to thoroughly, so not a lot of advances in the field of dune study can be accomplished, however some Marine Scientists are trying to employ new tactics for dunes to be created stronger, with some ideas being build artificial dunes with a steel skeletal support system and other things like that.

Review:

1. Why don’t beach trees grow above dunes?
2. Name two types of beach plants
3. What phylum is beach grass classified into?

a) Pyrophyta                                c) What’s beach grass again?

b) Tracheophyta                        d) Protista